A new JSTAT study shows how to compute the minimum energy cells use to sustain certain metabolic pathways while suppressing ...

Living cells pay a hidden energy price not just to run chemical reactions, but to keep them on track and block all the ...

There are “costs of life” that mechanical physics cannot calculate. A clear example is the energy required to keep specific ...

Life begins with a single fertilized cell that gradually transforms into a multicellular organism. This process requires ...